In the decades since the fall of authoritarian ruler Suharto, Indonesia has been a model for the spread of democracy. The country is now among the world’s most populous and most vibrant democracies, with well-functioning political institutions, a free press, and a wide array of nongovernmental organisations focused on human rights and development. But the 2024 elections revealed that the country is not as consolidated as it once seemed, with a number of worrying trends, including arbitrary state crackdowns on freedom of expression and organisation, the rise of vigilantism, deepening political polarisation and populist mobilisation, and the erosion of checks and balances on executive power. This volume brings together leading scholars to identify, explain and debate these developments.

The 1945 constitution invests most executive power in the president, who serves as both head of state and head of government. The president is assisted by a vice president and a cabinet, and the constitution provides for a body of presidential advisers and a Supreme Audit Board (Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan) to oversee the government’s finances. The president and vice president can serve up to two five-year terms.

Since its inception, the New Order regime has sought to distinguish itself from the stormy nationalism and revolutionary rhetoric that characterized the early years of independence, when Indonesia faced communal and economic breakdown. It also aimed to maintain the official state philosophy, Pancasila. This official ideology encompasses the idea that the state is above all others and the state is inherently just, but it is open to all beliefs and religions.

During Suharto’s rule, Indonesia also underwent significant economic growth and modernisation, with the establishment of a market economy and the emergence of large multinational corporations. However, economic inequality is still a pressing issue and poverty remains widespread.

After the fall of Suharto in 1998, Indonesia’s reformers sought to establish a multiparty system and a constitution that would guarantee fundamental freedoms and the democratic principles of rule of law and limited executive powers. The process of democratisation has been slower than expected, and a significant gap between rich and poor persists. Corruption remains a major problem, and the military’s influence on politics and governance continues to be strong.

In addition to these challenges, the 2024 election campaign revealed that the country’s judicial institutions are vulnerable to political interference and lack independence. The chief justice of the Constitutional Court, for example, reversed a longstanding ruling that bars sitting presidents from electoral politics, enabling Jokowi’s 36-year-old son Gibran to run as his vice presidential running mate. The president has also used the COVID-19 pandemic to tighten restrictions on media freedoms and criminalise critics of his performance. Despite these challenges, the authors of this volume believe that Indonesia’s democracy is more resilient than it may appear at first glance. However, the extent to which it survives depends on whether ruling elites understand that society and its critics—including the media and journalists—are not their enemy. This is a vital prerequisite for democratic consolidation.

Democracy has been the framework for some of history’s most significant accomplishments and also some of its greatest challenges. It has survived civil war; economic expansions and contractions; natural disasters exacerbated by climate change; and rising income inequality. But if we want democracy to continue to function and thrive, the question we must ask is how can we strengthen it?

A democracy is a system of government that represents the people through elected representatives, explains how it works, and gives citizens a voice in decisions about their communities, countries, and futures. It is a combination of principles like inclusiveness, popular control, considered judgement and transparency that distinguish it from other forms of governance.

Democracies need citizen participation in elections, in civic responsibility, including volunteering and public discourse, so that they can be informed and make good choices for the common good. But that participation must be peaceful, respectful of the law and tolerant of different views, even when they disagree. Democracies must ensure that people’s fundamental rights are protected — freedom of speech and religion, the right to assembly and association, and the rule of law that protects them from oppression. They must provide equal opportunities to those who have been historically oppressed or discriminated against, so that they can be full participants in society. And they must protect the environment and all its resources, ensuring that everyone has a fair share of the world’s wealth.

The problems that plague democracy today are complex. For example, politicians may use false information to gain support in the short run. This can cause voters to not fully understand the consequences of their votes. It’s important that politicians explain the trade-offs involved in their policies, which can often be difficult to grasp, and that citizens have access to independent sources of information – things like peer-reviewed research and investigative journalism.

Similarly, democracies must be vigilant about preventing unfair trade practices and protecting their own ecosystems from external threats. They must be able to recognize and deal with ethno-nationalist movements that threaten to lead to protectionist policies that will hurt their own economies in the long run.

Finally, democracies must be willing to change, to evolve and to take risks to keep pace with technological, demographic, and cultural change. They must be resilient and receptive to new ideas, and they need to build trust with their citizens so that they can solve big problems together.

Democracy is not easy to define, but it is powerful in practice. It is an idea that has inspired some of the greatest thinkers in history — from Pericles in ancient Athens to Vaclav Havel in modern Czech Republic — and is the foundation for our most precious rights and freedoms. We need to work together to modernize democracy, and we must educate each generation so that it can live up to its potential. That means that we must continue to fight for democracy at all levels of society — at home, in our schools, and across the globe.

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Freedom is a complex concept with many different meanings and connotations. It is also a key concept in the field of philosophy.

In a general sense, it refers to the ability of a human being to exercise his or her free will. This freedom is often a fundamental part of morality and ethics. For example, if someone wanted to eat a second scoop of ice cream even though it would be unhealthy for them and they were not being forced to do so, this is an expression of freedom of will.

The idea of personal freedom is a central theme in Kant’s work. In particular, he uses the concept of freedom in all three of his major works of critical philosophy: Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Practical Reason, and Critique of Judgment. Kant’s idea of freedom encompasses both negative liberty and positive liberty. Negative liberty refers to the fact that the law should not prevent people from doing something, and positive liberty refers to the fact that the government should provide them with means to do something if they cannot do it on their own.

Today, most societies recognize the importance of freedom and the need to protect it. They have a variety of laws to ensure that individuals are not oppressed, including the right to free speech, freedom of religion, and the right to a fair trial. In addition, they usually have a constitution that guarantees these rights to their citizens. However, there are still some countries that do not guarantee these rights to their citizens.

Despite the importance of freedom, not everyone understands what it means or how to achieve it. They may think that they need to escape from society or live on the edge to be truly free, but this is not the case. True freedom is not found through outside sources like money, a situation, or another person; it comes from within. It is a state of mind that can be achieved by understanding what makes one genuinely happy and what is important in life.

In the digital age, it is harder than ever to achieve a state of freedom. Various distractions can easily take us away from the tasks we need to do and can keep our minds from focusing on what is really important. Fortunately, there are tools that can help you stay focused and productive. One such tool is Freedom, which blocks distracting websites and apps for a customizable amount of time to get your work done without any interruptions.

After setting up the app on your device, you can choose a session to start blocking immediately, set a recurring session for later, or select a custom filter. The tool can be used on a variety of devices, from Windows and Mac computers to iOS mobile devices. There is a 7-use free trial of the app that allows you to use some of its features, but the full functionality requires an upgrade.

The law is a set of rules that a society develops in order to deal with crime, business agreements and social relationships. It can also refer to a field of study or career, as in Zola dreamed of becoming a lawyer one day. Law is used to describe a range of issues, from human rights and land reform to tax policy and corporate governance. A wide variety of disciplines contribute to the development of laws, including sociology, history, philosophy, economics and anthropology.

Law is an essential component of a well-run society. It sets clear expectations for what is and is not acceptable in a given community, provides a mechanism for people to resolve conflicts without violence and ensures that those who break the law are held accountable. In addition, laws provide a foundation for freedom of speech, religion and assembly, ensuring that citizens are free in thought as well as action.

In a society that depends on the rule of law, individuals are guaranteed equality and protection under the same conditions, regardless of their status or wealth. This provides a foundation for stability, peace and prosperity and protects the individual from oppressive majorities. It also ensures that people are treated fairly when it comes to their property, education and health care.

Different societies have developed their own laws in response to different needs. For example, common law in the United States evolved from the legal traditions of England and Scotland, while civil law in Germany grew out of Roman law. Laws in India and eastern Asia rely on local traditions and a mix of secular and religious influences.

Another area of debate over the concept of law concerns the degree to which it reflects morality. Utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham’s definition of law as “commands, backed by the threat of sanctions from a sovereign, to whom people have a habit of obedience” remains influential, while Jean-Jacques Rousseau and other natural lawyers argue that laws reflect inherent or universal principles of fairness and justice.

A third area of debate over the concept of law concerns its role in a democracy. Some scholars believe that the rule of law promotes democracy by ensuring that the public is aware of and informed about the law. Others believe that the rule of law can be a dangerous tool when it is used to oppress minorities or restrict the free expression of ideas.

As a result of these competing definitions, the concept of law has many different meanings and applications. Generally, it is used to refer to the practice of law, whether as a profession or as a body of rules that governs social life. It can also be used to refer to specific laws, such as the prohibition against murder. In addition, the term law can also be applied to particular fields of law, such as criminal or commercial law. For more information about the topic, see law of the land; judicial system; and constitutional law.

In a year of record global election turnout, Indonesia’s Feb. 14 vote will mark one of the largest – and sternest tests – for democracy’s progress in Asia. In the presidential race, incumbent Joko Widodo (known as Jokowi) will seek a second term against his longtime rival, former general Prabowo Subianto, who leads the Great Indonesia Movement Party. At the same time, voters will choose their national, provincial and district parliamentary representatives.

Indonesia has historically struggled to implement democratic reforms, mainly because of entrenched interests linked to the dictatorship of Suharto that remain well established. These interests — often referred to as the “old forces” — control key sectors of the economy, including the media, finance and the law enforcement apparatus. They also have a stranglehold on local politics. In addition, Indonesia has a large informal economy that exacerbates inequality and social instability.

Despite these challenges, the country has a relatively robust multiparty system. In legislative elections, the largest parties typically win about a fifth of seats in the national House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, DPR).

The governing coalitions that Jokowi and his predecessor, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, have built have enabled them to achieve legislative victories with minimal opposition. At the same time, they have limited the ability of the opposition to challenge the government’s policies and to assert its legitimacy.

As a result, there are significant concerns about the state of democracy in Indonesia. In its 2024 report on the global state of democracy, the International Institute for Strategic Studies notes that Indonesia has been slipping in the world rankings, largely because of the weakening of institutional checks and balances. The emergence of a powerful and consolidated group of actors has contributed to these trends, along with corruption and a lack of public trust in the institutions that are responsible for enforcing laws and conducting elections.

In addition to these political challenges, respect for personal freedoms is constrained by what Amnesty International calls “broad and vaguely worded” laws that restrict freedom of expression and assembly and other rights. These laws date primarily from the Suharto era and in some cases are part of the legal framework that was established by Dutch colonial rule.

Nevertheless, there are reasons to be optimistic about the future of democracy in Indonesia. In the past two decades, the country has developed a set of norms that, if not fully embraced by all, at least constrain those who would otherwise attempt to subvert the democratic process. These norms will be tested if Prabowo wins the presidency. But even a stable continuation of Jokowi’s governing practices will likely not restore Indonesia to its pre-Suharto glory days, and he may well speed the pace of democratic backsliding. In this context, it is essential that observers continue to monitor Indonesia closely and engage in informed discussion of the country’s democratic prospects. They should focus not only on the state of democracy, but on whether or not a viable alternative to authoritarianism exists in the region.

A democracy is a way of government that depends on the will of the people. It is a system that is supposed to be open, inclusive and responsive. People have a right to free speech, assembly and movement. They can choose who makes laws on their behalf, and they can vote in secret. They should be treated with equal respect by society and institutions of government, and they should have freedom from violence. Democracy is a delicate balance that requires compromise and understanding. It relies on citizens, the media and a commitment to protecting human rights. It is not a guarantee of prosperity or success.

In many countries, a significant proportion of people say their political system does not allow them to have much influence. Some people blame the rise of fake news, polarization and uncivil behaviour online for this view. Others point to the economic crisis, the growing gap between rich and poor and other domestic challenges. In a world where so many believe that their democratic systems do not work, the new documentary What Is Democracy? takes a fresh look at one of humanity’s oldest experiments in self-governance.

The film argues that democracy is not just about elections or voting, but a set of political institutions that promotes human rights and allows citizens to take control of their own lives. It includes a system of law, transparent and impartial election processes, separation of powers between parliament, government and justice, and checks and balances on their power. It also ensures that the people are informed about the policies being made and how they could affect them.

It also includes a rule that says citizens have a right to disagree with the decisions of their elected representatives, and can petition, protest and engage in debate without fear of reprisals. This is essential to the idea of a democratic society, because it means that people are not locked away simply for thinking the “wrong thoughts.”

Finally, it requires that politicians make clear and well-considered explanations of the policy they are seeking to adopt, their reasons for it and its likely consequences. It is this that allows citizens to evaluate the merits of different options and decide what they want their political system to do.

For the last few centuries, there has been a widely held belief that some nations are better suited to autocracy than others. It has been argued that developing countries, particularly those with a large proportion of poor people, would be less capable of managing their own affairs in a democracy, and that they need an elite that can manage rapid development and sustainably reduce poverty.

Some have questioned this argument. It is possible that the demands of democracy in a poor country may be so great that they undermine its potential for growth by forcing governments to pursue fiscally irresponsible policies. It is also possible that democracy, by its very nature, can foster conflicting social and economic policies, generating instability.

A prodemocracy movement must embrace and work across all these divides. It must unite racial, generational, and class-cultural groups and appeal to those who are liberal in some areas but conservative in others. It must engage members of these groups who are bonded together by common interests, and it must speak to divisions within them that could fuel future culture wars. Ideally, it must develop a vision for Americans’ daily lives in America that is both concrete and grounded in shared desires rather than abstract.

It must also be strategic. While it is laudable that social norms now limit antidemocratic behavior, the legal net below has grown increasingly threadbare. Many states now have laws that are designed to make it harder to vote, or that skew the electoral process by reducing the opposing party’s representation (such as gerrymandering), or that erode the integrity of governmental institutions. And the executive has been expanding its power with unprecedented rapidity and impunity, undermining a foundation of democratic checks and balances.

Against this backdrop, the need to revitalize democracy has never been more pressing. But how? It starts with a re-emphasis on the fundamental principles that the framers of our Constitution designed. These include open debate and deliberation, separated powers competing with one another in a balanced way, regular order in the legislative process, avenues to limit corruption, and the separation of church and state. America’s failure to adhere to these principles has led to an erosion of governability and legitimacy that can no longer be ignored.

The framers understood that democracy is a dynamic, living organism that must be continually adapted to the societal circumstances and actors who are its subjects. In fact, they designed the system with that in mind, recognizing that even a “perfect” theoretical democracy would need democratic mechanisms to keep it from becoming a moribund shambles.

A democratic society requires the public’s participation and support. This means that it must allow people to express themselves freely, organize and join associations, participate in the government, and hold it accountable for its actions. It also demands a stable economy, the rule of law, and an enduring commitment to freedom.

In other words, democracies do well if they can sustain the vitality of the political process and its institutions, provide good governance that addresses basic needs like education, infrastructure and the environment, manage markets, channel contestation into policy compromise, and foster a spirit of civic engagement and mutual respect.

Tocqueville’s Democracy in America was a both an observation and a warning, and it is still widely considered required reading in political science classes. It lays out the first articulation of what has since become known as the Tocqueville Effect: that as democratic institutions improve, a growing passion for equality will drive a desire to restrict and control privileged privileges.

The visions we build must refocus the conversation on the quality of life in America and enlarge its horizons, not just in terms of what it can achieve but also in how far it can stretch toward what is possible. We need a democratic imagination that can accommodate racial and generational diversity, aspirations for a more equal country in every facet of life, while simultaneously challenging and securing the core principles that make American democracy work.

Freedom is the power or right to speak, act and change as one wants without hindrance or restraint. It is often associated with liberty and autonomy in the sense of “giving oneself one’s own laws”.

The term freedom is also used to refer to certain political and social rights allotted to citizens by a state or other entity. These freedoms are often enumerated in constitutions and other laws and are known as civil rights. Among them are freedom of speech, the freedom to organize into associations, clubs, societies, trade unions and political parties, and freedom of assembly.

Some philosophers define freedom more broadly and include in it the right to property, equality of opportunity, safety and security, and social and economic justice. They may also add that freedom is a condition of morality, that is, it depends on whether we are able to pursue our values and desires. Others, however, believe that the right to civil rights is not sufficient for true freedom and that it requires more.

Philosophers disagree about what counts as a “freedom” and the importance of each. Some think that all people, regardless of social class, race or gender, are entitled to the same levels of freedom. Others disagree and see freedom as a condition that varies between individuals, depending on their ability to take advantage of opportunities and overcome challenges.

Generally, the most important freedoms are those that allow for people to exercise their free will. For example, the right to free speech does not extend to defamation or incitement to commit a crime. Likewise, the right to assembly does not extend to the possession of weapons or the promotion of sedition.

There are also different kinds of freedoms: negative and positive. Negative freedom is the idea that laws shouldn’t prevent people from achieving their goals, while positive freedom is the idea that government should make it possible for them to achieve their goals. For instance, with a good like health care, negative liberty would say that laws shouldn’t keep you from getting it, but positive liberty would say that the government should provide you with a way to get it.

To help students understand this concept, have them divide into groups of four or five people. Each group will be assigned a different freedom that made the list and then create two frozen representations (tableaus): one that shows a society practicing their assigned freedom and another that shows a society that is without it. When each group is ready, call up half of them and have them present their tableaus to the rest of the class. After each presentation, have students quickly discuss what they noticed about the groups’ tableaus. Do not have the presenting groups share what their assigned freedoms were quite yet. Then, repeat the process with the other half of the class.

A law is a set of rules created by social or governmental institutions that are enforced to regulate behavior. Law is one of the most essential and enduring aspects of society, influencing politics, economics, history and culture in various ways. Law influences relationships, governance and commerce while also regulating personal rights and preserving the fabric of civilization.

There is no single definition of law, and different individuals have varying views about what constitutes a law. Nevertheless, many important concepts have emerged regarding the nature of a law and its role in society.

The most prevalent view is that a law is a set of rules created by a society to guide its members in the conduct of their lives and to prevent them from harming others or engaging in illegal activities. This view is reflected in most legal systems and in the common usage of the word law.

This view of a law is often referred to as the “rule of law,” and it seeks to establish a system of government that upholds individual freedoms, protects property and privacy and provides for fairness in judicial proceedings. It aims to provide stability and predictability to citizens in an ever-changing world.

Another view of a law is that it is a set of rules created by an individual or group that is intended to control a certain aspect of human life, such as business transactions, criminal activity, marriage and parenting. This view is sometimes referred to as a “natural” law, and it differs from a societal norm in that it focuses on an individual’s right to choose his or her own path.

An important concept in the law is precedent. This is a principle that dictates that judges must follow previous decisions or rulings when dealing with similar cases. It is a key part of the legal system that allows a judge to build upon and expand the body of caselaw pertaining to a particular issue.

The law can be categorized by subject matter, judicial branch and methods of interpretation. For example, contract law outlines commercial transactions between entities; bankruptcy and maritime law regulate business finances and shipping; immigration and nationality law concern citizenship issues; and family and criminal law deal with marriage, divorce and child custody.

A career in the law can be extremely rewarding for a talented and motivated lawyer. It can offer financial security and prestige in addition to the ability to advocate for clients and their best interests. Knowing that you have positively impacted the lives of your clients adds an element of meaning to this profession that is not found in many other careers. This may be a major factor in why so many people consider it to be an invaluable occupation.