The law is primarily law developed and imposed by governmental or social institutions to control behavior, having its precise legal definition again a matter of long-standing debate. It is often alternatively defined as an art and science of civil law. Some philosophers define law as a human construct based on rational reflection on right and wrong. According to this view, law is a purely rational concept, which does not reflect any underlying moral or ethical principles. However, most other philosophers hold that law has both rational and non-re rational aspects.

In a further discussion, the term ‘law’ is used to refer to the set of rules or principles that govern conduct in the legal sphere. This includes legislation, norms, and duties just like any other set of rules. It is further divided into two main areas, ethical law and criminal law. The former deals with rules that affect individual liberty and moral right, while the latter deals with rules that affect the State and its authority, enforcing obedience to the law.

In addition to these differences, there are also significant temporal differences. In the United States, there are three major bodies of law: Federalism, Civil Law, and Common Law. Federalism refers to the separation of powers within the State. For instance, in the case of Congress, the branches of government are separated from one another so that each branch has the prerogative of acting in its own interest. Civil law, on the other hand, refers to disputes over private domains such as land, property, and business that are not covered by common law jurisdictions. Common law jurisdictions include cases such as those that deal with takings, property rights, corporate law, and criminal law.

For purposes of this article, we will be focusing on the last category of laws – criminal law. Criminal law encompasses crimes against the state, private citizens, or society in whole. It is one of the most important categories of law because crime can and does have a wide effect on society. When crimes are committed, the State is justified in using its police power to apprehend those responsible for the crime and bring them to justice. The criminal justice system is integral to the operation of our legal system. For this reason, it is important for students to have a clear understanding of what this category of law entails.

Within the realm of criminal justice, there are two basic classifications of wrongs: Misdemeanors and Felonies. Misdemeanors are less severe offenses and involve the violation of a law that is not itself a felony, but has a reputation for being regularly violated (e.g., a white-collar crime). Misdemeanors are commonly punished by reduced fines, probation, community service, or incarceration. For example, the offense of rape is not a felony, but the word “rape” is often used as an additional or definitive verb, implying the possibility of such a crime, and thus the punishment.

The second, and arguably the most important, category of criminal law is that between crimes against society and crimes which are morally wrong but do not meet the above distinctions. These fall under what is known as the gray area. Gray area includes a broad range of crimes and behaviors, including murder, theft, child molestation, sex crimes, domestic violence, graffiti, and driving under influence. Although the definition of the gray area varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, earning a doctoral degree in criminal justice is usually required if you want a career in the legal field after law school.

Democracy in Indonesia is an oxymoron in the most fundamental sense: the concept of democracy was adopted as a universal principle by the western world during the period of empire, but in practice, only a small percentage of countries has fully embraced the concept of democracy. Today, democracy is practiced in more than hundred countries around the globe, with the remaining twenty-five to twenty-five percent in partial democracy. Indonesia is one of the few countries in the world that practices a high level of democracy, with a multiparty system in place since Indonesian independence in 1957. However, Indonesia has undergone a dramatic democratic breakthrough in the past decade, with the coming to power of Suharto and the moderate turn taken by the majority of Indonesian citizens during the last election. The current constitution approved in 2021 guarantees protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms and strengthens the role of the parliament as a constitutional institution. The document established by Suharto remains subject to change with subsequent elections due to take place in 2021.

However, a key feature of democracy in Indonesia is the principle of checks and balances, which ensures that the elected government is not hampered by the presence of a powerful elite or a political party that may abuse their power for personal gains. In Indonesia, as in other cases where a multiparty system of government is elected, one or perhaps two members of the legislature are appointed by the president and his/her committee. The checks and balances mechanism, therefore, ensures that elected officials do not abuse their power for personal gain. In addition, the checks and balances mechanism ensures that the government functions properly. The existence of checks and balances in a country guarantees that it is stable and that the ruling party is able to maintain a strong grip over the country. Since there are strong forces supporting different parties and competing for political power, this checks and balance ensures that the government does not fall into disarray.

After Suharto’s death, democracy in Indonesia was brought to the next level. Under president Muhamed Hendroprieti, who was named vice president and later prime minister, the system of checks and balances was strengthened further. In the next election, which took place in early 2021, the National Democratic Party (PDP) won the presidential polls and remained in power until June 2021. The moderate Islamic Party, however, was second behind the PDP in the presidential polls. After this period, there was a new leadership in the form of a constitutional assembly, known as the Barangay, which was formed to counter the growing threats from the three main political parties in Indonesia – the PPP, the NCP and the PRC.

In order for a country to have a democratic system of government, the executive and the legislative branches of government have to be functional. Unfortunately, this is yet to be achieved in Indonesia. Although the constitution guarantees free and fair presidential elections, many individuals and groups are not registered to vote, have their rights suppressed or are excluded from public service. Media is also severely restricted in terms of coverage and distribution. This is creating an environment of a censorship that is more pronounced than in any other country in Southeast Asia.

If democracy is to survive in Indonesia one must understand that it will require a fundamental change in mindset and ideals to make the transition to democracy work. The current constitution guaranteeing free and fair elections must be amended. There should be an end to the discrimination faced by minorities in terms of gender, ethnicity and religion. Basic educational and health facilities must be made available to all and political prisoners must be released and protected from ill-treatment.

A fully functional and independent national parliament is required before any meaningful changes can be seen in Indonesia. The current system of checks and balances protects citizens from abusive actions of the majority, but it is not strong enough to guarantee full democracy. In spite of this, it has been the hope of the United Nations and most analysts that Indonesia will move towards democracy eventually. It would then join the other Southeast Asian countries of the world, allying itself with the democratic ideals of mankind. Sadly, we see a few malcontents clinging to the power they feel provides them with a sense of legitimacy, rather than the freedoms and prosperity that other people of their land enjoy. These individuals must be held accountable for their actions.

Freedom, by definition, is the power to act or freedom to choose. Something is free if it is able to change freely and isn’t limited in its current state. This means that whatever the conditions are in the world, you have the right to alter your situation to some degree. You don’t have to be a slave, just choose to be free.

One of the most important parts of the American ideal is freedom. Freedom is the basis for democracy and is the foundation of a republic. Without freedom, a republic would cease to exist because a basic human right, which is the freedom of speech and press, is no longer guaranteed. The right to bear arms is also threatened in the US by gun control legislation that limits citizens’ right to defend themselves.

There are many types of freedoms. Freedom of speech and press is one of the most important. Freedom of religion is another. Political freedom is the right to peacefully vote and choose how a country will operate. Economic freedom is the ability to choose how your money is spent.

Individual freedoms are rights that only the individual possesses. These rights include freedom of speech, press, worship and other civil liberties. Government control over the masses is what modern critics refer to as political freedom. This is the right that citizens have to defend their freedoms against the public authorities.

Economic freedom, in the eyes of the American ideal, is about liberty, justice and equality. It is based on the fact that all human rights are natural rights and all economic and social systems are compatible with human rights. Therefore, economic freedom is the opposite of all other forms of freedom. It is the foundation of a just society where all citizens have an equal right to pursue happiness as they see fit.

Unfortunately, political freedom is almost never fully realized because the people who claim it never find a way to exercise it. Citizens too scared to stand up for themselves end up caving in to public opinion and submitting to whatever the public wants. Sadly, most Americans think that economic freedom and personal freedom are the same thing. The truth is that they are not. In actuality, political freedom protects economic freedom.

Political freedom means that citizens are allowed to make choices about how their lives will be ruled by the state. It also means that citizens can decide how much power they will allow the state to have over their lives. However, economic freedom does not mean that citizens are left to fend for themselves. For instance, if the United States did not have its currency, individuals would have to finance their own necessities themselves. Since that is not possible, the US government would step in and provide for these necessities through taxation.

Now that you know the difference between the two terms, you should learn how to use this information to improve your personal and economic freedom. To do this, you should use the template message above. This message can be placed on your bumper, your desk or anywhere else where you think it will serve you well. It is an excellent way to remind yourself of your liberty and how it is important to protect it. The template message “economic freedom is the key to personal freedom” is a powerful reminder of the freedoms you are entitled to enjoy as an American citizen.

If one has to choose between the dictionary definition of ” democracy” and the political theory of democracy, the latter would have to be the correct choice. Of course, “democracy” has a variety of different definitions throughout the world. One nation’s version of “democracy” may differ slightly from the other’s.

The word ” democracy” can be defined as a form of government in which the society shares power or decisions making authority. It also can mean that the societal system works to maintain freedom, equality, and consideration of human rights. In modern times, “democracy” has been used to describe a number of social institutions. Some of these include representative government, constitutional government, direct election of leaders, multi-party democracy, and multiparty politics.

The major premise behind democracy is equality before and after law. This means that all individuals have an equal right to participate in societal decisions and activities, regardless of race, gender, religion, disability, or age. Additionally, American democracy also ensures equal opportunity for everyone. It also promotes social peace, social justice, economic prosperity, and environmental conservation.

By its very nature, a democratic polity requires and encourages open debate and discussion. A key feature of a democratic political system is the right of citizens to criticize their government and elected officials without reprisal. Many scholars and political scientists note that this “democratic paradox” stems from the American enlightenment ideal of “rights of the petitioning individual”. Because the framers of the US constitution recognized the rights of individuals to peacefully assemble and petition the federal government, the US political system works to ensure that all citizens have the rights to participate in elections and free speech. Consequently, a free press plays an important role in the overall protection of democracy in America.

Historically, throughout much of the western world, democracy has been linked to a lack of self-interest on the part of citizens. Historically, in most nations, the term “self-interest” referred to the need of wealthier citizens to exert political power and wealth in order to fund higher education, medical care, and other public services. In Europe, however, the concept of self-interest is not linked to any national interest or wealth. Rather, citizens are motivated by a desire to serve as good representatives of their nation and the world, and to stand up for what is right. Because of this, Europeans have long been skeptical of democratic theories such as self-interest, and democratic societies have often been plagued by high levels of corruption and cronyism.

Additionally, in both Canada and the United States, the concept of democracy is linked closely to social equity. According to Martin Luther King Jr., “ither wealth or poverty is more evil than the other. Far from becoming an end in itself, liberty and equality help to make possible the greatest good for humanity.” From this standpoint, the statement that separates the United States from most European nations during the history of either country’s existence is that America cares more about social equity than wealth or level of wealth per se.

What exactly is democracy? According to Wikipedia: “In the political systems of many nations, democracy refers to a system in which elected or elective leaders participate in regular elections to form the governments of their nation-states. Elected leaders can be voted into office by the citizens, or they may be selected through a process of nomination, election, and recall.” These definitions from the encyclopedia would seem to imply that a form of government by which a people participate is democracy. However, the term “democracy” actually has a longer history than the one provided above. In fact, the etymology of the word comes from Greek, meaning “vote.”

Aristotle distinguished four types of democracy, which are hereditari (the rule of the majority), aristocrari (the rule of the elite), and plenipotari (the majority rule). He claimed that there are three different types of democracy. In hereditari democracy, the citizens have the power to rule themselves; in aristocrariarchy, the majority rules; and in plenipotari democracy, a majority vote decides. In addition, Aristotle added that democracy was a form of government where the ruler had to be selected by the people through election. Aristotle argued that the demos, or the masses, were the true citizens of a country. According to Aristotle, a demos is the majority of the people in a community.

In modern times, however, democracy has become associated with liberal democracy, which regards freedom of speech and religion as universal values. In addition, liberal democracy often supports immediate freedom of self-determination, with the right of peoples to break away from states that do not meet their expectations. Many theorists argue that freedom of association is the key to democracy. In a free country, citizens are allowed the freedom to associate with other citizens, as well as other organizations and groups, without suffering legal penalties for doing so.

Historically, there are four types of democratic governments. The most famous ones are democracy in autocratic nations, constitutional democracy in constitutional monarchies, and representative democracy in multiparty countries. Nations with extensiverepublican systems often develop a mixed system of indirect and direct democracy. In many cases, one type of democracy is developed within a country’s system of indirect democracy, while the other forms of democracy are developed directly within the polity. In some cases, there is considerable interchangeability between these types of democracy.

democracy is considered a form of representative form of government because it permits two groups of people to make political decisions. In direct democracy, the people decide who shall hold office and how they shall do it, whereas in multiparty democracy, the same persons serve as representatives of many constituents. In constitutional democracy, the government checks the legality of political decisions by an established political framework, such as laws passed by the constitution. In autocratic nations, all citizens are allowed to participate in the making of political decisions through popular assemblies or parliaments, with each group having a majority of seats in the legislature. In representative democracy, the legislature is formed by the election of representatives from a majority of votes gained by the voters.

The distinguishing features of democracy are its formalism and mobility. In democracy, all political decisions are made through elected representatives. Governments are generally based on the consent of the governed through a process of voting. Through a system of proportional representation, the power of choosing candidates for representation in the legislature is limited to the number of seats allotted to each party. Finally, unlike in autocracies where a single person is selected as the leader, representatives are selected from a list of candidates approved by the population through voting.

The law is legal code developed and legally enforced by governmental or social institutions to govern behavior, in terms of its exact definition there is hardly any topic that is more debatable. It’s been extensively differentially defined as the science and the craft of civil justice. While in the broadest sense, the law governs how we deal with acts of violence or delinquency, it also applies to non-criminal acts such as drug possession or private sexual conduct.

The history of law goes back to the start of the first millennium B.C. and right up to the present day. Jurisprudence covers a wide range of human activities including war, crimes against humanity, civil rights and proprietary rights, trusts, corporate law, family law, proclivity, administrative law and human sexuality. When speaking of human sexuality, the history of law refers generally to contemporary attitudes about, laws and social conduct pertaining to, gender, race, ethnicity, age, status and authority. In other words, it covers all that is humanly possible from desire, action and speech, and as the term suggests, there is a lot of diversity within the jurisdiction.

There are three bodies of law that constitute the bulk of the law school curriculum: civil law, criminal law and common law. Civil laws are those governing a person or institution outside of customary law established at Rome, England and Wales in the Torts. Criminal law covers crimes against the state, namely offenses against government organs, private bodies, public bodies and persons. Common law covers adjudication in criminal cases as well as private law disputes including debt, property and contract law.

The legal systems of different countries have developed their own legal codes that can be accessed from law books and legal dictionaries. Most countries use English as the official language of the legal system and most legal textbooks also translate legal codes into English. However, some legal reference materials require one to understand and learn local languages in order to fully comprehend the meaning of the passages. In some instances, it has been noted that the jurisdictions’ legal code may not be exactly the same as the legal code of another jurisdiction due to differences in laws covering specific issues. These differences are usually referred to in comparative studies and may result in a comparative analysis being undertaken between two jurisdictions.

Law reviews refer to legal history books and law dictionaries that provide an overview of developments in various jurisdictions. This history comprises important case studies, commentaries and interpretive explanations of past cases from both state and federal levels. There are also legal treatises and reference books that focus on the common law.

A number of law review publications are available that focus solely on legal history, courts, legal systems and legal codes. It is also possible to purchase handbooks and manuals specifically designed for law students. Legal dictionaries contain the latest definitions and notes on various topics such as criminal law, labor law, corporate law, family law, property law and divorce law. These dictionaries allow users to perform a full-fledged research on a wide array of legal subjects. These include civil law, corporate law, family law, criminal law, real estate law and international law.

The practice of democracy in Indonesia is seen as representative of values that promote social tolerance and human rights. There have been periods in the history when majority rule was apparent, but this was not a durable form of government and allowed room for fundamental freedoms. It was not until the 20th century that multiparty elections were held and freedoms of press and religion were included in the constitution. Since then Indonesia has moved from being a predominantly Muslim country to a secular one. The current constitution includes support for an Islamic way of life, but there are also sections that exclude aspects of the Hindu religion from public life. It is a constitutional republic and although the name Indonesia is derived from the Sanskrit translation ‘Indraya’ it is also known as the ‘Land of God’.

Fundamental rights such as freedom of speech and religion are guaranteed in the constitution, although these are regarded as ‘human rights’, rather than full legal rights. A constitutional system that is based on checks and balances is in place and checks are enforced through a series of judicial reviews and public meetings. The press is free to operate and there are limited restrictions placed on the use of religion in politics. In Aceh, Acehnese Muslims constitute the majority of the population but they have limited political power and influence.

Indonesia has not had a highly contested multiparty election since independence and this is perhaps one of its greatest attributes. Each election is conducted in accordance with the country’s proportional representation system and every five years a general election is held to elect a president and a vice president. The last presidential election in 2021 was an extraordinary one due to the unexpected results of the polls. The two top leaders quit the presidential office and the National Assembly election was called for. The multiparty election led to an unstable transition period which saw the assembly divided and three separate governments take over the nation.

Political stability is a major issue in Indonesia. Political parties in Indonesia are not allowed to form coalitions and there are no mechanisms for a presidential election that will lead to a peaceful transfer of power. Aceh is one of the most stable Java cities and there is a good tourism sector and Borneo Sea trade. There are no large-scale political movements in Java. The constitution guarantees freedom of religion and other civil liberties and the country has a tradition of tolerating religious and political activities. There is no social media or independent press and commercial advertising is heavily restricted.

Indonesia has had a multiparty election system since 2021 when it began using the voting proportional representation system. This system has brought some changes in terms of accountability and governance but it is expected that with time these changes will be fully implemented. There are many concerns regarding democratic transition in Indonesia and these mostly relate to the division of power between the executive and the legislative branches. Power is shared between the parties in a multiparty election system but each party concentrates on local areas. The system provides for two houses for the parliament namely the House of Representatives and the Senate. The upper house, the House of Council, is made up of ninety members and is dominated by the majority party.

A multiparty election system has been criticized by rights groups as providing little opportunity for genuine democracy. It is estimated that only thirty-three of the hundred members of the lower house are actually elected through a direct election and the remainder are chosen by party cadres. The final report of the commission into the reporting process was released after the last election and showed widespread irregularities. Some major criticisms of this system include a lack of free speech, limited media coverage, limited opposition and no effective criminalization of abuse and violence. These are but a few of the concerns that have been raised over the years with regard to democracy in Indonesia.

The democracy concept has become a part of American political life ever since the earliest days of the country’s history. One hundred and fifty years ago, Thomas Jefferson wrote that “The supreme office of the government of the United States is not in any way derived from, or substituted for, the constitution of the states.” This was in the era of the Alien and Seditionist Rights, and many American citizens were concerned that the executive power was growing unchecked. It was fear of the loss of freedoms that spawned the U.S. experiment in direct democracy.

When the framers of the U.S. constitution debated what kind of political system would constitute the new country, they explicitly rejected any involvement with ancient aristocratic societies. They were aware that a vibrant democracy would have far-reaching repercussions for the future of the world. They therefore drew up a system based on, and modeled after, the Athensian polis that was famous for its commitment to individual freedoms and an amassing of power decentralized to allow freedom to flourish.

The United States has had two revolutions, the one from the Articles of Union and the other from the Constitution of the United States; both of which brought about profound changes in political conditions throughout the country. The Constitutional Convention of 1787 was, perhaps, the most crucial step toward the eventual formation of a truly democratic state. With the Philadelphia Experiment, delegates from twelve states met in a Convention assembled by the Continental Congress and set forth the Articles of Union, which gave powers to the federal government to regulate state governments. The Articles of Union, together with the pronouncements and acts of the Constitutional Convention, established the basis of American democracy.

The Articles of Union did not however, establish democracy in America. For over a century, America was ruled by a small group of aristocratic families that believed they were entitled to rule through a hereditary aristocratic elite. The U.S. Declaration of Independence, adopted by all states shortly after the convention, gave great significance to representative government. It declared that “the Constitution of the United States is not written upon any text of law,” and that the federal government possesses “inalquisite power” over the regulation of individual rights protected in the Constitution and Bill of Rights. A democratic state, it maintained, can be just as constitutional as a autocratic state.

A century later, however, the tide had turned. A new generation of intellectuals, radicals and cultural pessimists had come of age in the United States. The baby boomers came of age and began to challenge the power of the democratic aristocrats. By the late twentieth century a majority of Americans, nearly half of the country, believed that “Big Brother” was on their doorstep. For a time, an intellectual movement called “FDR’s” rose to oppose the growing democratic majority within the United States. But, with the advent of World War II, democracy in America became synonymous with victory.

In The Best Book Ever Written, Dewey lectures us that “a people may enjoy liberty and equality, but they cannot enjoy happiness and prosperity.” For this reason, he teaches that “a nation that makes sure that all her people have access to the fruits of their own labors, and that all her citizens enjoy the full benefits of their civilization, will be prosperous and flourishing, enjoying peace and freedom.” For those who question whether democracy in America is best for the country, I would submit to you that only someone who believes in democracy in America could make such an argument. For those who support democracy in America and want its riches to trickle down to all Americans, I would submit to you that only someone who believes in democracy in America could make such an argument.

Freedom, by definition, is being able to act or alter without limitation. Something is free when it is not limited in its current condition and is able to change easily. If a thing is freely able to change and is able to adapt to changes, then that thing can be called a freedom. Freedom is an aspect that has been neglected in most western societies. In the United States of America for example, the law of liberty is mostly ignored by the people because they have a tendency to believe that it will take away their freedom.

The word ‘freedom’ itself is very vague and does not have a clear definition in most western countries. This is mainly because the concept of ‘freedom’ itself is largely based on personal and political beliefs held by different people. Freedom, on the other hand, is the capacity to act and achieve things without interference from other people. Economic freedom from want are the two main aspects of freedom.

The concept of ‘personal freedom’ refers to the capacity to do things according to one’s own will and preferences. It differs fundamentally from political freedom, which refers to the freedom of government officials to perform certain actions within the framework of a legal framework. A common example of a politically constrained action is the US Congressarian legislation. Although some citizens may disapprove of these laws, the concept of individual freedom still exists. Political freedoms are also a form of economic freedoms.

Private and personal freedom are the two concepts that are often used interchangeably but in reality have two different meanings. The individual liberty of an individual refers to his or her right to engage in private and personal conduct. Private freedom, on the other hand, refers to the freedom of an individual to engage in public activities, associations, and so on. When an individual is interviewed on the subject of human rights and the role of economic freedom in promoting these rights, it becomes evident that the two concepts are not the same.

Private civil liberties are not equivalent to political freedom. The degree to which they overlap is largely dependent upon the type of government one lives under. A traditional liberal state upholds individual freedoms to the maximum extent possible while limiting political freedom at the minimum. As a result, political freedoms enjoy a much lower level than personal freedoms. For instance, in China, it is illegal to publicly discuss or hold meetings with people abroad without the permission of the local government. This extends to the internet as well, which is another major avenue for political speech.

Economic freedom, by contrast, refers to the ability of a person to earn money. This freedom is most commonly associated with capitalism, which the US has provided a major base for. The freedom of an individual to choose to work in any occupation he chooses also forms the cornerstone of economic freedoms. This right is guaranteed by the US constitution and is referred to as personal freedom. When the term is used, there are often some who debate what it means, particularly when it comes to economic freedom as it pertains to the US.

The law is the body of law that governs conduct, with its exact definition still a matter of longstanding disagreement, made and implemented by governmental or social institutions to govern behavior. It may be defined as a human right and an art of civil law. It is an extremely complex body of law and many people are at a loss when it comes to attempting to study the law and learn how it works. If you want to become familiar with the law and the legal system, you should look into a number of different programs that will teach you the ins and outs of the law.

The United States Constitution, for instance, grants the power to the U.S. Congress, and thus represents the law and jurisdiction over all legislative matters. The U.S. Supreme Court, on the other hand, represents only the supreme court and law. All other lower courts are empowered by the state governments under the jurisdictions represented. All U.S. Attorneys General, local police departments and sheriffs, as well as other officers and officials are subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. Attorneys General. All laws that are intended to affect private persons are regulated by the U.S. Constutions and amendments, while all laws that affect public institutions are mandated by the enacting legislation of the state.

Private rights, or individual liberties, are protected by natural law, which is either written or oral tradition transmitted from generation to generation within an extended family. The purpose of this natural law is to guarantee a certain level of liberty and protection from governmental encroachment. Many consider natural law to be the only legitimate source of justice, beyond which any other form of legal regulation has no meaning. Natural law theories therefore lay the basis for freedom of speech, press, religion and petition, and are frequently referred to as judicial law. In America, the U.S. Supreme Court has consistently held that these laws are essential protections of individual freedom. There is currently no single ruling on the interpretation of natural law.

Within the body of criminal law, there are two major bodies. These are the federal criminal courts and state courts, each with their own power and jurisdiction. In the past, the federal government was represented by the Department of Justice, and each State was represented by its attorney general. However, most recently, the Department of Justice has ceded responsibility for deciding which crimes will be tried in federal courts to the various regional district attorneys. This change took place in order to allow local criminal defense attorneys to more effectively coordinate with federal authorities on prosecution of cases.

Additionally, there are three appeals courts. All U.S. Courts of Appeals have general rules of law and precedential precedent established by previous decisions of the lower courts. The U.S. Supreme Court, as an instance of precedent, has held that the decisions of the lower Federal Courts must conform to the textual and statutory guidelines of the U.S. Constitution. The U.S. Supreme Court does not have power to waive or modify these general rules.

Criminal law is a very broad field involving a wide range of human activities. Criminal law encompasses acts of a criminal nature, such as murder, manslaughter, arson, embezzlement, contract law, forgery, assault, and numerous other lesser charges. Statutory law, which is law that is codified in a legislative document, also falls under the class of criminal law. Within the area of criminal law there are numerous different types of crimes, including crimes against society, such as felonies and misdemeanors.