A Brief History of Freedom

Freedom, in general, is being able to act or manipulate without limitation. Something is “free”, though, if it isn’t restricted in its current condition and can change as easily as possible. It is something that we cannot seem to define or capture, but that everyone can take advantage of. The freedom to choose causes us to wonder what our true freedom is, but there are many ways to gain it. In this article we will cover three ways:

First, you can gain freedom from within. You can achieve and attain all American freedom by understanding and adopting the basic principles of American freedom: human rights, an open economy, and individual responsibility. These are just some of the many facets of American ideal liberty. Learning and adopting these values are easy, and anyone who values their own freedom and the freedom of others should value the idea of human rights and economic freedom.

Another way to gain freedom is to have the consent of the people or the population. The constitution grants citizens certain freedoms and protections, and a good portion of the constitution also gives the national government the power to protect those freedoms and protections. For instance, the Freedom of speech and press, as well as the right to peacefully assemble, are guaranteed by the first amendment of the constitution. The National Guard has been used in situations such as natural disasters to quell large public gatherings and unrest, and this right is often cited as a positive aspect of American freedom.

A third way to gain freedom is to have the support of the majority of Americans. When the country was formed, many people specifically agreed to form a republic rather than a common nation, and so long as the country remains free and democratic, these freedoms remain. The most significant thing about American freedom is that it is a constitutional right, and so it cannot be taken away by any act of Congress. However, as time has progressed, our national conversation has become more diverse, and there have been struggles between the wishes of the people and the wishes of the representatives of the people to maintain the freedoms we enjoy. This has resulted in different decisions over the years on how to balance individual liberty with the needs of a larger population.

Freedom is one of the most valuable gifts bestowed upon us by our forefathers. It is necessary for all Americans to have this freedom. In order for Americans to have the freedom and safety we all deserve, there are many things our forefathers have done to establish a more perfect system. These freedoms are necessary for presenting groups with a sense of freedom, and they are necessary for protecting citizens from arbitrary actions by the government.

The United States is a very great nation, and it has a lot to offer to anyone who wants to live an abundant life. However, the United States also has some bad habits, and it is important to note that the framers of the constitution did not have all of the freedom that we have today. Freedom is necessary for all Americans, but the problems that exist are an obstacle that must be hurdled before we can fully realize the great potential that we all possess. If you would like to help the United States become a better place, you should study the importance of freedom and how it affects all aspects of American life. The philosophy of freedom instilled in our Constitution will guarantee that future generations will always value the freedoms we posses, and they will also fight to maintain those freedoms in the future.

A Look At The History Of Democracy In America

The term democracy in America does not reflect any specific political party, or philosophy about how government should be run. It has rather been used to describe the system of government which has developed in this country over the last two centuries. The United States of America has gone through many changes since the Articles of Organization was first published. Some have called this evolution of our government a transition to democracy, but I prefer to call it evolution, because it is simply a new way of doing things.

The Articles of Organization created a constitutional form of government, which had its own set of basic rights and privileges, as well as unenforceable laws. The new Constitution that was written by the framers of the Articles of Organization gave way to an extremely democratic form of government. The revolution of 1776 introduced the second phase of democracy in America. A revolution that made many people afraid to join with their fellow Americans, who did not want to take part in any kind of radical change. However, after the declaration of the first constitutional amendment by the Continental Congress, all fears were laid aside.

What was feared by many at that time, and still fears people have today, are aristocratic rule and the rise of absolute power. America was not ready for either of these and the result was the formation of a powerful and democratic middle class. This new middle class, although having no real political power, was nevertheless very important. Without the educated middle class, a democracy could never develop. Aristotle explained how a society could move from a democracy to a aristocratic order, or form of government, based on a series of rankings based on wealth and social status. Aristotle went on to say that a democracy could not survive long enough under aristocratic rule because it would have lost its moral foundation and become corrupt from insensitivity to the poor.

In 1776, after the English King George had died, his successor, a man named Adams, began the American revolution. He had the foresight to include a bill for a national Bank, which was strongly backed by the wealthy English aristocrats and the Virginia planters. He also established the first national government in America through a Constitution which was considered by his contemporaries as a highly undemocratic form of government. The Adamsians hoped that a more enduring form of government could be achieved through a combination of democracy and a constitutional form of government.

The new constitutional government included among its ranks some highly regarded individuals who were to play a vital role in the direction of American politics for the next century. John Adams, John Lincoln, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and the New Dealers effected a greater degree of political power than any of the ancient aristocrats who had ever ruled over the country. However, this new generation of American politicians fell to the path of tycoonservatives. This small group of powerful and influential politicians began to use their wealth to exert a great deal of political power over theieu of the nation.

The emergence of democracy in America has brought with it an enormous amount of optimism for a new world order. For some this is an illusion, as they believe that America is still bound by its old aristocratic way of thinking. But for those who subscribe to the belief that democracy can only come when old aristocratic ways of thinking are no longer in vogue, there is every reason to celebrate America’s transition to democracy.

Why Would You Want to Learn About Democracy?

Many people believe that democracy means rule by the masses. Others think that democracy means representative government by the masses, but in reality, democracy is much more complex than either of these conceptions. In fact, a representative government by the masses might work well, but it wouldn’t be called democracy. In a truly democratic form of government, the masses make the laws by voting, but every citizen has an equal right to vote. The governments must be responsive to the wishes of the masses, because they represent the future of the country.

Of course, representative democracy has been practiced throughout history, and in many countries it still is practiced today. There are many examples of representative democracy: Thailand, Canada, Australia, Ireland, the Netherlands, Greece, Italy, and Switzerland are a few of the many countries where a representative form of democracy is practiced. In these societies, the government is directly elected by the people through voting, with each of the representatives having the same constitutional rights as all other citizens. In a pure democracy, one can have a dictatorial government by being elected and sitting in the House of Representatives and the Senate, making decisions for the masses with no input from the masses.

In a representative democracy, citizens can choose which representative will represent them and take part in the legislature, with the rest of the population consisting of voters. The citizens have the right to free speech and the right to participate in the political process at any level. In a true democracy, citizens have a right to peacefully protest any measure or law that they don’t agree with, and they have the right to publicly criticize officials, both the government and its current leaders.

These types of societies have low levels of private property, low levels of freedom of speech and religion, and high levels of corruption. Citizens are required to follow the rules of the society, and cannot question the legitimacy of the government. A democracy is rarely a peaceful existence, and often ends up being bloody due to competing interests, corruption, violence, and power struggles among the members of the population. In most cases, a democracy will fail within a few years. A democracy is often called a “world religion” because it requires a large group of people to voluntarily share their lives with another.

The word democracy comes from the Greek word demos, which means “of the demos,” which is to “the common good.” In other words, the demos are the masses, who are able to make the decisions for the country. Today, many people believe that the word democracy is obsolete, and that nations with a higher degree of democracy have more prosperity. However, the demos still have an important role in our everyday lives, and without the demos we would not be able to realize the freedoms that we enjoy today.

There are three main types of democracy: indirect democracy, direct democracy, and representative democracy. Indirect democracy is composed of indirect suffrage, which allows representatives to be chosen by the people through a process called “elections.” Direct democracy gives power to the people, directly voting for representatives. Finally, representative democracy, which is the opposite of direct democracy, gives power to representatives of a certain political party, but not necessarily directly voting.

Criminal Defense Lawyers Vs Civil Lawyers

The law is law made and administered by governmental or social institutions to govern behavior, with an exact definition often a matter of lifelong debate. It is usually defined as the body of law that concerns itself with obligation, responsibility, and punishment. It includes various branches of government such as the judicial system, civil law, penal code, and proprietary law. It is also commonly known as the arts and sciences of law. It is the body of knowledge that determines the validity of a claim to rights, the strength of a claim, and the limitations that bind a person in his conduct. Within the legal profession there are several different types of law.

Jurisprudence, which is the oldest branch of law, refers to the laws of individual countries and is basically concerned with resolving disputes between individuals or groups. In contrast to civil law, which is the body of law that resolves disputes between governments and organizations, Jurisprudence is entirely internal to the societies that it is a part of. This branch of law began to develop in the western hemisphere with the rise of the common law system in Europe and America. The development of juries, separation of powers, and trial by jurors produced some of the important principles of jurisprudence that continue to influence systems to this day.

Criminal law deals with violations of individual’s rights, for example, murder, manslaughter, arson, assault, privacy, pornography, drug crimes, and other similar statutes. Civil law, on the other hand, is not nearly as deeply populated as criminal law and civil law only handles disputes between private parties. Many times a dispute between two private parties will be settled outside of the court system because a private party is too unwilling or unable to settle a dispute legally. In some cases, however, criminal laws may be adapted from common law jurisdictions.

Piersonism is one of the most permissive of the criminal laws in the United States. It provides the highest protection for freedom of speech and press in the country. Piersonism also protects most speech within the country as well as their rights abroad. Piersonism also requires that witnesses provide sworn statements of their own testimony if a criminal case goes to trial. Testimonials are very powerful evidence and are very important to criminal trials. In many American states, a person convicted of a crime can still defend themselves by using a defense attorney, and using Piersonism allows them the right to refuse to testify against themselves.

civil law is the area of most everyday laws. It is the body of law that deals with disputes between private parties, such as in divorce, child custody, landlord/tenant issues, and personal injury lawsuits. civil law was first developed in the united states by colonists in the fifteenth century and has continued to evolve with the changing society of the United States ever since.

In order to understand the differences between civil and criminal law, it is useful to understand just what the word “civil” means. Civil law is the body of law that deals with disputes between private parties, including those relating to property, contract disputes, negligence, and damages. The most common law disputes related to civil law are those involving public officials and their actions, such as police and firefighters, and others. The civil law system does not provide any type of legal protection for individuals who may be mistreated by the government. Criminal law, on the other hand, provides criminal defense lawyers and court officers with the ability to protect their clients from wrongful prosecution and from becoming victims of crime.

What Does Freedom Mean to You?

Freedom, by definition, is the power to act or freedom to change without restraint. Something being “free” is if it’s not restricted in its current state and can change as easily as the circumstances allow. In a sense, freedom is the foundation of all civilisations; a free society allows people to live their lives without fear of societal punishment.

So what do we mean by freedom? To most people, freedom means different things to different people. The dictionary might describe it as individual freedom, personal autonomy, personal or individual rights, individualism, or an absence of centralized rule. In popular use, freedom is often associated with political freedom, an abstract notion of freedom where people are allowed to think, speak, and behave as they choose.

In political terms, freedom is a value that gives citizens the right to participate in the political process, to protect their rights, and to seek a fair trial. In the political world, however, freedom has many different meaning. For many different types of government, freedom of speech and freedom of the press are essential rights. The right to bear arms also protects many different groups of people, even when they are not a part of a formal military.

When you ask what does freedom mean to you, consider what it means to you personally. Do you see freedom as an abstraction, something you only wish you had because you think it would improve your life? Or do you see freedom as the basis of all human potential, the belief that all men are created equal and that no one can be placed in a place of authority over another for any reason? If you believe strongly in both of these ideas, you may have a very particular definition of freedom.

To some, freedom might mean religious freedoms, the right to choose your own religion, freedom of speech and press, and protection from tyranny or oppression by the majority. To others, freedoms are essential parts of a just and peaceful society. These two minutes will look closely at each of these ideas so that you can develop your own unique opinion of what freedom means to you.

In the United States, freedom means freedom of choice and the ability to pursue happiness as you see fit. In the United Kingdom, freedom means the right to vote and freedom means the right to an education. In Canada, freedom means the right to privacy and freedom means the right to be left alone. Look closely at each of these definitions of freedom and consider what it means to you.

democratization Process in Indonesia

Democracy in Indonesia is threatened by recent events in neighboring countries such as Thailand and the Philippines. The two Southeast Asian countries are locked in a fierce struggle for political control, with each nation’s military dictatorship having control of large swaths of land. In fact, since Indonesian forces allied with those from the Philippines and Thailand invaded those countries in East Timor, has taken control of the whole island, except for South Timor. This has caused severe turmoil in South-East Asia, with thousands killed and displaced.

There has been a steady deterioration in the quality of life for the Indonesian people, who have become disillusioned by their own government’s inability to solve its massive political crisis. International human rights organizations have consistently called on the new leadership to end impunity and take firm steps towards democratic transition and free elections in Indonesia. The current chairperson of the UN General Assembly, Kofi Annan, has publicly stated that he believes that “the restoration of peace and stability in Indonesia will depend largely on the new government and the emergence of multiparty politics”.

The current situation is highly charged and dangerous, given the lack of a stable and inclusive political system. Although the Aceh (Indonesian name for East Java) Province was included within the former Aceh Peace and Order (PAO) in 1997, it is presently part of the West Java Province. Both provinces are rebellious regions with serious problems such as inadequate education, poverty and an ineffective judicial system. The new system of governance will be based on a participative proportional representation system, which will ensure fair and competitive national election. In this way, the people will be able to exercise their right to vote and choose leaders through a transparent and free election.

The transition to democracy in Indonesia will be facilitated by the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, rather than a constitutional republic, as was the case with the previous Aceh governments. This will enable the transition to democracy to proceed smoothly, and there will be a transfer of power from the military to a civilian office. A new constitution will be drafted and published to guide the constitutionality of the new democratic government. In addition, constitutional amendments will be incorporated to upgrade the protection of human rights and freedoms guaranteed by the universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international instruments.

The new constitution will also allocate seats in the House of Representatives and the Senate to the people living in each of the provincial and prefect areas. The president will be elected by the national assembly after being confirmed by the lower house. If the upper house finds that the president is unfit to lead, the vice president will act as president until a new vice president is elected. Jokowi was not sworn in as president until after his vice president had been chosen and was confirmed by the Senate.

For some analysts, the transition to democracy in Indonesia will be a smooth process with the new system of government providing the needed checks and balances to protect the citizens’ rights. There have been calls by some groups of Indonesian citizens for a revolution but most analysts agree that the chances of widespread social unrest are slim. The transition to democracy in Indonesia will be a slow, steady process, marked by transition, and yet again, transition.

The Problem With Direct Democracy

Why is it important to learn about democracy? Well, one of its most important attributes is freedom of choice. democracy is a political system in which the citizens have the right to deliberate and chose governmental leaders, or the legislature, to perform or oversee legislation. In a democracy, citizens have a right to an fair and impartial hearing before their elected representatives make decisions. They have a right to be free of abuse and free from undue influence from special interest groups.

Without having a fair election process, it is not possible for any political party to win an election and become a major party in the political arena. Consequently, in most cases, parties that win most of the votes in an election still maintain a minority of seats in the legislature or the executive office. This can occur because the party with the most votes does not have a majority of seats in the legislature or the executive office, leaving them with a minority. Another reason why some political parties cannot gain enough votes to win an election is because many citizens are backing a more popular party than they do their own party. Regardless of how many seats each political party wins, they usually form a majority in most national and state governments.

Underlying all of this is the freedom of citizens to vote, and this allows individuals to determine what political parties they want to support. The ability of citizens to vote ensures that government officials are accountable to the citizens who elect them. Without a majority rule, it is impossible for a politician to effectively serve the needs of the majority of citizens. Without election results that reflect the will of the majority of citizens, a politician cannot rightfully claim to be representative of all citizens. This lack of election results is what is often referred to as democracy, or mob rule. Without a free and fair election process, a democracy is nothing more than a sham.

Unfortunately, many of those who call themselves partiers have a clear intent to manipulate the outcome of democracy in their favor. Many political parties will use their influence among citizens to sway the voting populace to their favor. Often times, they will bribe citizens with food, money or other bribes in order to get them to change their vote. This conduct goes on continually in countries all over the world with citizens believing that they have a right to be governed according to their individual will.

A representative democracy is not without its flaws, although Athens has been described as the perfect city. It is unfortunate that a society that developed out of a democracy such as Athens has allowed for the rise of such cronyism and corruption. Some would argue that Venice is the perfect example of direct democracy, as Venice was a direct democracy until the nineteenth century. However, both Athens and Venice were founded on the basis of an Ancient Greek polity known as aristocratic citizenship.

Direct democracy is inherently defective, because individuals have no say in determining the fate of any political party. Without political parties being accountable to the citizens that Elected them, it becomes possible for them to do anything they want, which ends up skewing the goals of the societies that elect them. For this reason, all forms of democracy are inherently flawed. However, even with these flaws democracy can work well if the direction it sets forth is one that benefits humanity as a whole.

democracy In America – The Real Problem And How To Fix It

The term democracy in America has recently been in the news for all the wrong reasons, and for very good reasons too. A certain breed of Americans who think they know what democracy is should probably have their heads cut off, because this form of government is anything but democratic. Unfortunately the leadership of our country has not learned how to speak the language of democracy, and so we have the unfortunate situation of American style democracy in America where the elected leaders, the legislature, and the popular vote do nothing.

The phrase democracy in America is commonly misused by academics and politicians alike, sometimes using it to compare the United States with Europe or with some third world countries, when in fact the twenty-first century version of the American system of government is much different than any other nation in the world. The most accurate comparison that one can draw between today’s America and any other place in the world, other than perhaps China, is that there is an extremely high degree of individual freedom in America, the highest degree in the world. This means that citizens can choose which laws they live by, which they cannot, and which they have no say over whatsoever. Without having to worry about being ruled by an iron hand, without fear of taxation or arbitrary rule by an autocratic regime, American citizens enjoy freedoms so wide-ranging that nearly every other country on earth can be compared to America.

But is all of this really true? Is America the shining example of a healthy democracy, or is it just a bunch of spoiled, decadent, weak-minded, self-centered, and selfish babies crying out for a better life who need to be coaxed, cajoled, or lectured into accepting something other than the current golden egg: the industrial age. Well, if you’re anything like me, and you know the answer to this question, you’re too smart to be fooled by anyone whose answer you hear. No matter how hard they try, no matter how slick they make themselves, no matter how arrogant they purport to be, no matter how much they whine and how little they achieve, the reality is that democracy and free markets don’t mix well.

The problem with America’s political system has nothing do with America; it has everything to do with the flaws of our political system. It is nothing unique to America. It is something all humans do to some extent. For instance, if we lived in a strictly merit-based society, with no ethnic, national, or linguistic barriers, then everyone who applied for the most top level positions would automatically be eligible for them based solely on their merits. If we instead had a merit-based political system in America and everyone had the same opportunities as everybody else, then somebody with more merit and ability would be left over and that person would be more likely to become a successful entrepreneur and/or leader, because he would have more competition. And that’s exactly what has happened in America – lots of top level jobs have gone to highly qualified CEOs thanks to an almost foolproof merit-based process.

The funny thing is, all this is taking place in an increasingly “meritocratic” (to use an adjective that describes something arbitrarily selected) and democratic (to use an adjective that describes a government characterized by wide ranging and liberalized opportunities) country. One can only imagine the level of liberalism and cultural relativism that will prevail when Hugo Chavez becomes president of Venezuela and allows his people to freely select from a menu of economic goodies that are designed to keep their poor country in poverty. That would be quite ironic, since Hugo Chavez is claiming to want to bring democracy and freedom to his poor country. The fact is that Hugo Chavez will never have his people participate in those things, because their fates are sealed. For them, democracy and freedom means living in extreme poverty and suffering terrible consequences.

It is unfortunate that the people calling themselves the champions of democracy and freedom have abandoned the principles that allowed them to flourish as a bulwark against aristocracy. Instead they advocate a form of social Darwinism in which the survival of the fittest rules. Apparently the aristocracy is no longer extinct in America and, thus, the Democratic Party has little to offer the disenchanted masses in its bid to win back the lost Obama-Fournier base. There is a time for political equality and a time for aristocracy. I hope someone else reminds me of that.

The National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers and Its Role in Our Criminal Justice System

The law is law made and enforced by governmental or civic bodies to regulate conduct, having its exact definition often a question of longstanding debate. It’s been differentially defined as the craft and science of civil law. Historically, civil law dealt with disputes between individuals or associations, such as corporations and government departments. Today, however, civil law also includes crimes, offenses against the state, private rights, and corporate matters. Private citizens can have their rights protected under civil law as well as government officials and/or officers of higher rank.

Civil law emanates from the rules governing the relationships between persons and society at large. The societal aspects of civil law often extend beyond the individual. Common law is the body of law developed by the courts over the course of time in response to the problems faced by contemporary society. The common law arises from three sources. These sources include the traditions of society, common law that emerged in societies after societies formed; and legal theories that developed out of these traditions.

The common law has developed through time in response to accommodate the increasing complexity of modern life. These laws attempt to provide a long description of the ways in which people interact with each other and with society as a whole. This is done by developing a body of laws that are commonly referred to as “norms of conduct”.

Civil law involves the rules governing disputes between individuals, organizations, and governments. Each person involved in any dispute has the same set of legal rights and responsibilities. But different institutions have different responsibilities and rules in relation to how they deal with those duties. When a dispute arises, whether it’s between businesses or individuals, a lawyer is often called upon to determine who has more legitimate standing and is capable of resolving the dispute in a fair and reasonable manner. These decisions are generally guided by a set of legal principles known as “laws of contract” and “acts ofarreavement”.

Another branch of law is criminal law. Criminal law involves the punishments inflicted upon people for crime. It also involves the punishment inflicted upon those who committed crimes in the past as well as those who are presently engaged in criminal activities. Many lawyers become involved in criminal law after graduating from high school or college, as many jurisdictions require aspiring lawyers to take and pass an ethics exam prior to practicing.

Justicary law involves the investigation and determination of crimes and their punishments. This branch of law is the most complex, because there is a great degree of deference given to the wishes of the courts when it comes to interpreting what crimes are not crimes. This can be a very complicated and demanding area of the legal system. In some areas, the federal government alone is empowered to appoint judges, and they are obliged to respect the decisions of the courts even if they believe there are strong public arguments against their decisions. A number of states also appoint several supreme court judges, and they are all required to obey the decisions of the courts unless they consider themselves beyond the reach of the state supreme court.

Politics, Sectarian Campaign, And Social Fabric In Indonesia In The Next Phase

Democracy in Indonesia is defined as government by the people and for the people. The basic unit of government is the constitution which is voted for and accepted by a majority of inhabitants within a nation. A constitution is not a written document but rather a set of rules or laws that define the relationship and standing of the nation, its government, and its citizens. This document is then put to test whenever an event occurs that may require changes to it. For example, if a candidate for national office promises to modify or abolish a particular law, a constitutional amendment is required to make that happen.

democracy in Indonesia is seen in the constitution and political system as a representative form of representative government. The presidential office is divided into two types of offices: the president himself/ herself and vice-president. The head of the National Bank of Indonesia also acts as a presidential candidate for presidential elections in 2021. The system of checks and balances ensures that no one person has the power to abuse the power of the other. A major concern for many Indonesian citizens is the increasing level of social polarization in society. Some worry that social polarization will lead to increased instability and insecurity in the country.

The rise of hardline groups, such as the Islamic revivalists and the hardline groups associated with the Golkut religion have exacerbated the problem of increasing polarization in Indonesia. Political analysts forecast that these groups will lead to more political instability in Indonesia in coming years. The rising Islamism in Indonesia has also contributed to increase in intolerance and discrimination against the Ahmadiyya community and other non Jakartaese, due to their traditional religious beliefs. There are reports of violence against Ahmadiyya and Christian communities in Aceh province in Indonesia. Aceh has been plagued by conflict since 2021 when it became part of Indonesia. Violence against the Ahmadiyya community, Christians, Muslims, Chinese and foreigners have displaced hundreds of thousands from the region.

Recent months have seen a significant increase in violent attacks against minorities in Aceh, including Christians and Buddhists. There are also reports of forced disappearances and abuses against Chinese in Aceh. The Indonesian government has promised to address issues of social media incitement and violence against minorities during the past few weeks, but this promise has yet to materialize. The escalating number of skirmishes between hardline groups and local residents in Aceh further exacerbates the problem of increasing polarization in Indonesia. This will further deteriorate the country’s ability to fulfill its democratic path.

There is no doubt that Indonesia is experiencing a historic stage of great change. democracy will become the ruling party’s main political platform in running the country. The current government has failed to live up to its inclusive vision for the nation. There are serious concerns on the horizon, especially in terms of the upcoming 2021 election, when the governing party is expected to once again seek the support of the Islamic groups to further marginalize the Balinese and Chinese communities in areas like northern Aceh.

Ethnic Cleansing In Aceh: As the ethnic Chinese vote for a boycott in the upcoming elections, there will be further incursions by the hardline Islamic movements into other parts of Aceh to push them into the sea. The northeast has already been heavily affected by recent ethnic cleansing. Although the government has declared a cease-fire in many fighting areas, many people fear that the conflict will worsen and transform into a sectarian campaign. If ethnic cleansing is happening in Aceh, it is likely that the province will be even more devastated than before. For this reason, the prospect of a peaceful, fair, and multiparty election in Indonesia in next year is very doubtful.